Similar profiles were observed for specific CD8+ T cell proliferation rates between groups of blood donors, in which a significantly higher proliferation rate was observed in OBI and CHB carriers (both 1.8%) compared with resolved HBV infection (1.5%) and non-infected individuals (1.6%) (OBI vs. resolver or non-infection, P < 0.05; CHB vs. resolver or non-infection, P < 0.05; Figure 1B). Here, CD8A is linked to infection.