CCL2 and benign prostatic hyperplasia: BPH-1 cells infected with T. vaginalis produced cytokines, such as CXCL8, CCL2, IL-1 β, and IL-6, through cellular signaling pathways involving ROS, MAPK, and NF-κB. T. vaginalis infection in patients with BPH by the effects mentioned above could be responsible for the development of lower urinary tract symptoms [5, 33].