Both activities can contribute to tumor development, where a small increase in ROS levels is sufficient to activate signaling pathways that initiate biological processes to promote cancer development (e.g., the ERK1/2 pathway in this study), whereas high ROS levels can also damage DNA, proteins, and/or lipids, leading to a series of genetic and metabolic changes that contribute to carcinogenesis [40]. The gene discussed is MAPK3; the disease is neoplasm.