TNF and infection: Next, PAMPs trigger the production of several proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including TNF, IL-6, type-1 IFN, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, and CXCL10 (IFN-γ-induced protein 10 kDa [IP-10]) (16, 17), which lead to the recruitment of monocytes, macrophages, and T cells to the infection sites.