TNF and cardiomyopathy: Cytokine- or chemokine-specific clinical symptoms are as follows: elevated IFN-γ causes fever, headaches, chills, fatigue, malaise, cardiomyopathy, vascular leakage, lung injury, and acute-phase protein production; increased TNF-α causes flu-like symptoms (69, 106); and IL-6 overexpression induces cardiomyopathy and vascular leakage, and it activates the complement pathway, coagulation cascade, diffuse intravascular coagulation, and the cytokine storm (69, 82, 84, 85).