Studies have shown that the ACE2-Ang II axis can induce the infiltration of macrophages and secretion of certain cytokines, including IL-6, CCL2, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), and E-selectin, to induce endothelial dysfunction, thrombin formation, and impaired fibrinolysis (20, 22–24). Here, VCAM1 is linked to endothelial dysfunction.