Comparing chemokine abundance between dissociated tumour and cultured GNS cell supernatants, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5 and CXCL9 were abundant in dissociated tumour samples, with little detected in supernatants from cultured tumour cells, suggesting non-tumour-cell populations were the source of these chemokines in glioblastoma. This evidence concerns the gene CCL4 and glioblastoma.