(1) Increases the expression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) associated genes, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 2 and 9 (in breast cancer), E-cadherin, TWIST (in nasopharyngeal cancer), and cathepsins B. (2) Stimulates angiogenesis and increases tumor growth by regulating the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (66). Here, VEGFA is linked to breast carcinoma.