It has been studied that Nlrp1 deficiency significantly inhibited aortic banding-induced cardiac hypertrophy, inflammation, and fibrosis in vivo and protected against isoproterenol-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in vitro, which was associated with inhibited MAPK, NF-κB, and TGF-β/Smad pathways, indicative of the key role of NLRP1 in the development of HF (114). This evidence concerns the gene NLRP1 and hydrops fetalis.