Many pathways, which are pertinent to valvular mechanisms, were identified via KEGG pathway enrichment analysis including apoptosis, Nuclear Factor Kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signaling pathway, fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis, Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway, osteoclast differentiation, Interleukin 17 (IL-17) signaling pathway, HIF-1 signaling pathway, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, VEGF signaling pathway and TGFB signaling pathway (FDR < 0.05, Table 2). Here, TNF is linked to atherosclerosis.