IL1B and Sepsis: IL-1β induces a significant miRNA-146a level package into EVs from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), which induced macrophages to M2 macrophages polarization by regulating signals such as IRAK1, TRAF6, and IRF5, thereby exerting the anti-inflammatory effect of M2 macrophages, and ultimately play a protective role in sepsis (Song et al., 2017).