In addition, H. pylori can initiate abnormal activation of cellular signaling pathways, such as Nod1-NF-KB/MAPK-ERK/FOXO4 pathway, allowing cells to escape autophagy and leading to the occurrence of gastric cancer (Brandt et al., 2015; Eslami et al., 2019; Takahashi-Kanemitsu et al., 2020). Here, NOD1 is linked to gastric cancer.