In CT30 cells of mouse colon cancer or SW480 cells of human colon cancer, butyrate also keeps microbial homeostasis by increasing TLR4 expression as well as phosphorylation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NFKB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) (168) (Figure 1). Here, TLR4 is linked to malignant colon neoplasm.