TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: In the KEGG pathway analysis, we noted that the up-regulated genes were significantly enriched in signaling pathways such as the TNF signaling pathway, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, NF-kappa B signaling pathway, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, chemokine signaling pathway, IL-17 signaling pathway, toll-like receptor signaling pathway, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (Figure 4E).