TGFB1 and cancer: While there is little evidence to show a direct correlation between fibroblasts and cancer dormancy, CAFs are the major subpopulation of fibroblasts in tumor stroma, and CAFs are also related to dormancy-related factors such as transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), interferon (IFN), insulin-like growth factor (IGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), macrophage-stimulating factor (M-SCF), and interleukin (IL) (Dai et al., 2021).