PTGS2 and inflammatory bowel disease: We, then, defined eight causal DEGs that were differentially expressed between subtypes as IBD subtype-regulators (Supplementary Table S8), including guanylate-binding protein 5 (GBP5), defensin beta 1 (DEFB1), interferon gamma (IFNG), C–X–C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10), lymphotoxin beta (LTB), prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2), suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3), and C–C motif chemokine ligand 3 (CCL3).