NUPR1 and lung cancer: NUPR1 maintained autophagy process in lung cancer;15 moreover, NUPR1 silencing decreased autophagy, leading to the accumulation of sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1) and facilitating multiple myeloma cells death.16 Our previous study reported that xenobiotic (e.g., Cd) exposure enhanced NUPR1 expression and initiated autophagy, which led to the OSCC progression.17 These reports suggest that NUPR1 may upregulate autophagic flux and drive OSCC metastasis, but the molecular mechanism remains poorly understood.