We thus performed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to confirm that TNF-α was upregulated at the protein level in both supernatants of primary neuronal cultures at 24 h following infection (Fig. 8F) and whole brain homogenates derived from 8-week-old animals on days 2 and 4 following intracranial ZIKV inoculation (Fig. 8G). Here, TNF is linked to infection.