Specifically, the vaginal microbiota stimulates the PRRs in and on epithelial cells lining the vagina and upper genital tract and initializes cytokine signaling cascades.119 For example, the release of interleukin (IL)-1β/6/8 and Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α) recruits or activates immune cells like Natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages, CD4 + helper T-cells, CD8 + cytotoxic T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes.120 Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is one of the most common vaginal dysbiosis due to the displacement of Lactobacillus spp and the increased concentration of BVAB. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and bacterial vaginosis.