For instance, SCFAs can bind to Free Fatty Acid Receptor FFAR2 or FFAR3 on intestinal L cells, stimulating the release of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY, which are known to promote insulin secretion and reduce glucagon.183 In addition, butyrates can protect the integrity of the intestinal barrier, which may be damaged in T2DM patients due to low-grade inflammation. This evidence concerns the gene INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus.