MYD88 and diabetes mellitus: Elke et al. reported that TLR4 accelerates the development of diabetes, suggesting that TLR4 is involved in the progression of insulitis.176 The TLR4/MyD88 pathway regulates the activation of NF-κB and the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α.177 Wen et al. established an MyD88-negative Non-Obese Diabetic mice and found that the mice lacking MyD88 protein do not develop T1DM.