TGFB1 and neoplasm: IL-8 and TGF-β1 can enhance the invasiveness of tumor cells by upregulating matrix metalloproteinases.153 TNF-α can lead to gene mutations through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or reactive nitrogen (RNS) intermediates as well as induce epithelial–mesenchymal transition, which stimulates tumor angiogenesis.154 Lastly, P. gingivalis can produce oncometabolites such as acetaldehydes and oxygen radicals.