DDIT3 and nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma: Herein, we used dopamine to compete with penfluridol for binding to DRD2 and found that combination treatment of ccRCC cells with dopamine and penfluridol respectively reversed penfluridol-induced upregulation of CHOP, cleaved PARP, and LC3-II and inhibition of OCT4 mRNA expression in ccRCC cells harboring the WT or mutant VHL (Fig. 7B and C).