In addition, we observed that the autophagy inhibitors, 3-MA and SAR405, reversed penfluridol-induced turnover of LC3 or inhibition of colony formation and proliferation in ccRCC cells (Fig. 2C, D and Supplementary Fig. 2), suggesting that penfluridol may confer cytotoxicity partly through inducing autophagic cell death. Here, MAP1LC3A is linked to nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma.