VHL and renal cell carcinoma: Herein, we used four RCC cell lines including ccRCC (Caki-1, A498, and 786-O) and pRCC (ACHN) harboring either the wild-type (WT) or mutant VHL gene to evaluate short-term treatment (24 h) effects of penfluridol at the indicated concentrations (0, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 μM) on cell proliferation.