VEPH1 and melanoma: The opposite effects of TGF-β in melanoma is associated with the deregulation of cytokines (TNF-α, VEPH1, SMAD4, INF-γ, SKI) and signaling pathways (Notch1, IL-6, and Erk/MAPK pathway), which in return regulate TGF-β signaling [121, 126–133].