PIAS1 and susceptibility to pneumonia measurement: Coon et al., found that PIAS1 was able to be ubiquitinated and degraded by HECTD2, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, thereby increasing the inflammatory response in an experimental pneumonia model, and they developed a small molecule inhibitor, BC-1382, which was able to target HECTD2 to upregulate PIAS1 expression and attenuate LPS and PA induced lung inflammation [20].