TNF and acute respiratory distress syndrome: In addition, another study found that PIAS1 could attenuate the severity of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) associated with ALI by enhancing anti-inflammatory activity through inhibition of STAT1, which pointed out that rats with SAP injected with PIAS1 adenoviral vector had decreased levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in serum, attenuated pancreatic tissue damage, decreased activity of the STAT1 pathway, and decreased expression of MMP-9 and ICAM-1 proteins in lung tissue compared with untreated SAP rats [19].