This protein vaccine has been shown to induce both E7-specific CD8 +T cell-mediated antitumor and HPV L2-specific neutralizing antibody responses in preclinical models.16 40 41 However, the clinical efficacy of TA-CIN alone may not be as effective as intended, probably due to the lack of immunogenic adjuvants in the formulation of the protein vaccine.42 43 Thus, we sought to overcome TA-CIN immunogenic deficiencies by combining it with Alb-IFNβ treatment. Here, IFNB1 is linked to cervical squamous intraepithelial neoplasia.