PCSK9 and atherosclerosis: An anti-PCSK9 vaccine called AT04A consists of homologous mouse and mature human PCSK9 protein N-terminal epitope peptides from amino acid residues 153–692, which is able to reduce plasma lipid levels and hinder the development of atherosclerosis.288 Phase I clinical trial has demonstrated that AT04A is safe and immunogenic and exhibits significant LDL-C-lowering activity, justifying further development.289