AOPEP and cardiovascular disorder: Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] composed of ApoB100 covalently bound to Apo(a), has been recognized as an independent risk factor and a pro-atherogenic potential for cardiovascular disease, while low Lp(a) levels are commonly associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease.304 Preclinical studies established that ASO IONIS-APO(a)RX specifically targeted hepatic LPA mRNA to reduce the levels of plasma Lp(a).305 Similar to IONIS-APO(a)RX, the research group later developed IONIS-APO(a)-LRx (now called AKCEA-APO(a)-LRx) that exhibited specific and efficient targeting to the liver.