TNF and infection: HAdVs are highly immunogenic and, following infection, can induce the production of numerous chemokines (macrophage inflammatory protein 1, RANTES, IL-8, and monocyte chemo attractant protein 1) and cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1, IL-12, and type I interferons) that modulate the initiation of inflammation and regulate the immune response.