NEFL and Cognitive impairment: To further understand the pathophysiologic mechanisms of HIV-associated neurological and cognitive impairment in PHIV children and adolescents despite cART treatment, we assessed NfL as a pathological substrate of ongoing cognitive impairment and neuroaxonal damage in our neurological, cognitive and visual performance in the perinatally HIV-infected children (NOVICE) cohort of cART-treated PHIV adolescents with persistent lower WM integrity and decreased executive function, previously observed in longitudinal studies [25,26].