Recent research helps to understand this finding, since it has shown that human skeletal muscle cells secrete myokines such as CX3CL1 (fractalkine), which protect β-cells from the negative impact of TNFα [274], and that short-term training improves β-cell function and efficiently reduces ectopic fat within the pancreas in prediabetic or T2D patients [275]. Here, CX3CL1 is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.