INS and gestational diabetes: In a double-blind randomized controlled trial, metabolic parameters (fasting plasma glucose (p = 0.034), fasting plasma insulin (p = 0.001), and HOMA-IR (p = 0.001)) showed a significant improvement after four weeks of probiotic supplementation with Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in women with GDM in the late-second and early-third trimester [62].