We use different Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands towards cell surface receptors (bacterial lipopolysaccharide LPS for TLR4; imiquimod for TLR7; synthetic bacterial triacylated lipoprotein for TLR2/TLR1) and endosomal membrane receptor (poly I:C for TLR3) to simulate bacterial (cell wall bacterial components) or viral infections (dsRNA and ssRNA). Here, TLR2 is linked to viral infectious disease.