REN and obesity disorder: Obesity may affect the cardiovascular system via hemodynamic (increased workload) and non-hemodynamic factors (increased activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAs), insulin resistance/hyperinsulinemia, leptin insensitivity/hyperleptinemia, reduced adiponectin concentration/hypoadiponectinemia, overexpression of the peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), decreased natriuretic peptides, lipotoxicity, oxidative stress, and chronic inflammation/hypoxia) [5,28,29].