TNF and tauopathy: Nevertheless, as the disease progresses slowly, the microglia remain activated, resulting in the change from M2 to M1 phenotype, ultimately aggravating tauopathy through the embellished release of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), and proinflammatory cytokines such as the interleukins IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-23, and also tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) [30].