IL13 and Alzheimer disease: Because the highly “AD-relevant” cytokine IL-13 as well as certain nutraceutical factors (e.g., cow-milk-derived BCM7) were shown to upregulate MOR in certain cell types, one might speculate that, at least in a subset of the patients, MOR expression may remain high, and the subsequently sustained pathological β-endorphin → MOR signaling may contribute to the pathogenesis of AD at multiple levels (Figure 5).