TNF and Gliosis: As KA-induced gliosis is closely associated with the production of proinflammatory cytokines [35,36], we analyzed the protein expression levels of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) at 72 h after KA injection in the rat hippocampus using Western blot analysis.