Pretreatment with 3% (v/v) of CFS resulted in a dramatic increase in HO-1, CAT, GPX1, and SOD1 mRNA levels, suggesting that the induction of antioxidant-related genes by CFS treatment is associated with skin protection (Figure 8A,B). The gene discussed is HMOX1; the disease is myalgic encephalomeyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome.