Although type I IFNs, in particular IFN-α, confer to pancreatic islets a decreased permissiveness to CVB infection [89,90], they also have deleterious effects on pancreatic β cells (including endoplasmic reticulum stress, impairment of insulin secretion, and apoptosis) which can play a role in the development of T1D [86,87,91,92]. Here, INS is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.