NFKB1 and colitis: Besides the aforementioned effects, the anti-inflammatory properties of stevioside were confirmed in vitro in colonic epithelial cells (Caco-2), where both stevioside and steviol decreased TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 synthesis, and inhibited NF-κB (p65) signaling pathway [43], and in vivo by inhibiting NF-κB and MAPK in colon tissues of Dextran Sulphate Sodium-induced colitis in mice [12] and intestinal mucosal damage of broiler chickens [13].