In children with both malaria and NMFI, there was evidence of endothelial activation (increased Angpt-2 and sFlt-1), as well as immune activation (increased sTNFR1, CHI3L1 and sTREM-1) in children with severe AKI (Figure 2, adjusted p < 0.05 for all). This evidence concerns the gene CHI3L1 and acute kidney injury.