TP53 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Overall, these findings provide evidence that PGG induces apoptosis in cisplatin-resistant NSCLCs via the upregulation of DNA damage proteins as γ-H2AX, pCHK2 and p53 and inhibition of anti-apoptotic proteins as a potent anticancer agent for cisplatin-resistant NSCLC treatment (Figure 8).