PARP1 and multiple system atrophy: In addition, Puentes et al. [110] demonstrated that PAR interacts with phosphorylated α-Synuclein (pαSyn) in post-mortem brain samples of PD, Parkinson’s Disease dementia (PDD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA) patients, thus providing direct evidence for a role of PARP-1 and PARylation in the progression and severity of synucleinopathies.