As a secondary endpoint, Chang et al. also reported some preliminary evidence of the treatment’s efficacy, reporting lower levels of IL-6, IL-8, MMP-9, TNF-α, and TGF-β1 in tracheal aspirates after MSC treatment, and MSC recipients seemed to have less severe BPD. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is bronchopulmonary dysplasia.