TNF and bronchopulmonary dysplasia: Later, studies in mouse or sheep models of BPD showed that administration of hAECs produced anti-inflammatory effects by decreasing the infiltration of inflammatory cells and the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, TGF-β, IFN-γ, PDGF-α, PDGF-β, IL-1β, IL-10, and IL-6.