GDF15 and endothelial dysfunction: In this context, cardiac biomarkers reflecting biomechanical stress (natriuretic peptides (NPs), myocardial damage (high-sensitivity cardiac troponins), inflammation (soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (sST2), fibrosis (galectin-3, GDF-15), oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction are considered useful for clinicians to improve risk stratification models to better manage their patients.