INS and polycystic ovary syndrome: The results in this case–control study showed that most of the serum biomarkers, both biochemical and endocrine, that were analyzed in the study demonstrated statistically significant alterations in PCOS patients, including lipids (LDL, HDL, cholesterol), T2DM markers (fasting glucose, free insulin, HOMA-IR), and hormones (FSH, LH, testosterone, and progesterone).