In addition, using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction temporal lobe expression of NPY gene and other epilepsy-related genes, such as, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were confirmed to be up-regulated in amygdala-kindled rats and partially normalized by LEV treatment [175]. The gene discussed is GFAP; the disease is epilepsy.