These results suggested that the prevention of the development of epilepsy by LEV treatment was associated with the protection of the BBB via astrocytes and the inhibition of angiogenesis in the hippocampus; since the drug treatment significantly reduced the mRNA expression of some angiogenic factors (angiopoietin-2, Tie-2, vascular endothelial growth factor-A VEGF and its receptor) increased by SE [244,245]. Here, VEGFA is linked to epilepsy.