TNF and major depressive disorder: Importantly, some cytokines or chemokines, which are increased in MDD/MDE, have neurotoxic effects including IRS cytokines (e.g., IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL8, TNF-α, IFN-γ), some chemokines (e.g., CCL1, CCL2, CCL11, CCL5, CXCL8, CXCL10) and even CIRS cytokines (e.g., IL-4) [1].