SMAD3 and glioma: THBS1 plays a crucial role in tumor cells invasion in glioblastoma, whereas THBS1 is a gene with increased expression in high-grade gliomas compared to low-grade gliomas, its expression is confined to tumor cells and vessels, and the TGFβ1-induced THBS1 expression via Smad3 contributes to the invasive behavior during glioblastoma expansion [34].