The limited number of patients in this study did not allow for the formal conclusion that expression of CD39 and PD-1 is a marker of poor prognosis, but the three out of five patients who relapsed had a high frequency of double-positive CD39+/PD-1+ CD8+ and CD4+ TILs, suggesting that expression of CD39 in cytotoxic T cells may be an important mechanism for tumor-induced immunosuppression in NSCLC. This evidence concerns the gene ENTPD1 and neoplasm.