NOS2 and osteoarthritis: Ginsenoside Rd exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activities against many inflammatory diseases, such as chronic hepatitis [53], neuroinflammation [54], osteoarthritis [55], and gastritis [56], through the downregulation of inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS) and COX-2 by inhibiting NF-κB, furthering the inhibition of the production of NO and PGE2 [57,58] (Table 3).