MMP3 and Cognitive impairment: Likewise, during aging, oxidative stress upregulates the expression of various cytokines and chemokines, such as matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3) and p16INK4A (senescence-associated secretory phenotype [SASP]) in astrocytes, inducing BBB disruption, neuroinflammation, and cognitive impairments [68,69,70].