Liu and co-workers [276] in a clinical trial on 120 individuals affected with type-2 diabetes found that black wheat intake (69 g/d) for 5 w decreased serum levels of glycated albumin and prevented the increase in TNF-α and IL-6 levels compared with the control group, in which the subjects only received nutritional education and diet control. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus.