TNF and cancer: Different molecular mechanisms have been proposed between cancer development and serum activity of PON1 reduction, among which are the down-regulation of PON1 synthesis by the cytokines TNFα and IL-1β, the inhibition of PON1 activity by oxidized phospholipids, and alteration in compositional modifications of PON1 protein (e.g., alterations of protein glycosylation and fucosylation patterns) [312].