VEGFA and blindness (disorder): In vitro and in vivo, accumulated A2E can generate oxidative stress involving photoinducible free radicals and inhibit lysosomal function, cytochrome c oxygenase, and ATP-driven proton pump, further inducing inflammatory responses such as production and secretion of chemokines (IL-8, MCP-1, MCG, and MIP-1α) and cytokines (IL-1ß, IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α), angiogenesis by enhancing the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and RPE cell death, leading to retinal degeneration and blindness [9,12,13,14,15,16,17].