CKB and diabetes mellitus: Almost all of the associations between genetically determined height and risk factors were directionally concordant and broadly consistent between UKB and CKB, the exceptions being the following: diabetes, where the CIs were wide and overlapped; smoking, which was not associated in either population; and tertiary education, which was positively associated with genetically determined height in UKB but not associated in CKB (Table 1, S9 Table; the generally lower z-statistics in the genetic comparisons in CKB reflect the smaller number of participants studied).